GRAMMAR BANK
UNIT 2. GRAMMAR A
Concrete nouns are physical things that we can see, touch, hear, etc.
Most nouns are concrete nouns. For example, books, butterflies and cousins. Even invisible things, including air (which we can feel) and music (which we can hear), are concrete nouns.
Concrete nouns are
• living things: nouns that relate to people, animals, plants, and other organisms.
• places: nouns that relate to locations
• material things: nouns that represent things we can perceive through the senses-not only physical objects, such as furniture and statues, but also things like dances and noise.
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to ideas, concepts, emotions, beliefs or phenomena such as intelligence, hate, fear and honesty. We cannot count them because they do not refer to anything that has substance or that we can touch.
Abstract noun examples

Emotions/ feelings | Characteristics | Philosophical concepts | States of being | Time
love enjoyment | beauty confidence | ethics justice | freedom peace | Friday August

GRAMMAR B
MAKING GENERALISATIONS

Examples |  | Explanation

Bookworms don't usually watch TV. A bookworm loves the idea that an author can create a world with his or her writing and take readers to it. |  | We can make a generalisation about a countable noun in two ways: 1. no article + plural noun 2. a/an + singular noun

Fun is not important for them if it is not related to books. |  | We don't use an article to make a generalisation about an uncountable subject of the sentence.

You always enjoy visiting bookshops and libraries. They get pleasure from books only. |  | To make a generalisation about an object of the sentence, countable or uncountable, we don't use an article. We use the plural form for countable nouns. Uncountable nouns are always singular.